Cost Benefit Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9000 words

Cost Benefit Analysis - Essay Example [Refer to Appendix B] It was found, by the 1999 survey statistics in a table entitled "Extent of Flame Damage by Major Property Use, 1999, Structure Fire Reported to U.S. Fire Department" that in just the area of residential properties of only one and two family dwelling houses that: Table 6.2:Loss per Fire in One and Two-Family Dwellings, by Extent of Flame Damage Annual Average of 1989-1998 Structure Fire Reported to U.S. Fire Department [National estimates based on NFIRS and NFPA Survey] These are fires reported to the U S. municipal department and therefore exclude fire reported only to Federal or state agencies or industrial fire brigades. Fire in which the extent of flame damage was unknown or not reported have been allocated proportionately among fires with known extent of flame damage. Property damage figures have not been adjusted for inflation. Fires are rounded to the nearest ten and property damage is rounded to nearest hundred dollars. Sums may not equal total due rounding errors. There are defin There are definite cost benefits for properties that can be as a direct result of fire sprinkler installation, but, what is the cost benefit analysis with respect to saving lives The NFPA has kept statistics on large loss-of-life incidents for the last decade and has found that: NFPA has no record of a fire killing more than two people in a completely sprinklered building where the system was properly operating, except in an explosion or flash fire or where industrial fire brigade members or employees were killed during fire suppression operations. (NFPA, 2003) The following table shows that figure in a clearer scale: Table 6.1: Estimated Reduction in 1999 Civilian Death per Thousand Fires Due to Sprinklers, in Property Classes [National estimates based on 1999 NFIRS and NFPA Survey] Date reported in Version 4.1 as sprinkler status unknown was converted to no-sprinkler. It was necessary to use pre-1999 data to estimate what fraction of the 1999 fires coded as non-sprinkler really were no sprinkler. The conversion of data reported in Version 4 converted all fire where sprinklers operated to other/unclassified. It was necessary to use pre-1999 data to estimate what fraction of the 1999 fires coded as other operation were really sprinkler operated. These are fire .reported to U S. municipal fire department and so exclude fire reported only to Federal or state agencies or industrial fire brigades. Fire statistics do not include proportional shares of fires with sprinkler status unknown or unreported. Fires are estimated to the nearest hundred. Sums may not equal total due rounding errors. Total includes fires in properties without high occupancy, such manufacturing and storage properties. The NIST (National Institute of

Abercrombie & FItch vs American Eagle Essay Example for Free

Abercrombie FItch vs American Eagle Essay INTRODUCTION Fashion may be defined as a way of living, decorating, etc., which is popular today, but will soon lose their popularity. It is something passing and temporary, a simple craze of the moment to be looked down upon with dislike. For example, tight pants are the fashion today, but only a short while ago broad loose pants were the order of the day. If today a man appears in society wearing broad pants, he would be held up to ridicule, but only a few years ago they were the height of fashion, symbols of good taste and culture. American Eagle Outfitters (AEO) and Abercrombie Fitch (AF) are two companies that play a major role in the clothing industry. The following discussion with compare and contrast the competitive advantages of the supply chain of the two companies. COMPANY HISTORY AEO American Eagle Outfitters, Inc., a billion dollar corporation, is ranked as one of the largest retail chains in America. With their central corporate headquarters in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and two other corporate facilities located in New York City and Tokyo, Japan, American Eagle, Inc. operates numerous mainline stores, factory stores, franchised stores, and distribution centers across the country and the globe. In 1977, brothers, Jerry and Mark Silverman, who owned and operated Silverman’s Menswear, a Retail Ventures, Inc. company, founded American Eagle Outfitters. Opening their first store in Novi, Michigan at Twelve Oaks Mall, the Silverman brothers were hoping to diversify their menswear line (AEO Management Co., 2013). Several stores were opened up and a catalog was created. American Eagle Outfitters continued to grow into 1990, when Jacob Price took over which led to the introduction of casual, private-label merchandise for men and women. In 1994, American Eagle Outfitters became  part of the NASDAQ stock exchange, which enabled the opening of 90 stores the following year (AEO Management Co., 2013). In 1996, new executives joined AEO and decided to modify the target demographics of the target market and reach more women, as well as focus on those who were between the ages of 18 and 32. Shortly after, American Eagle expanded to e-commerce with ae.com. By 2000, American Eagle operated 500 stores and revenues for the company quintupled to $1 billion. The Canadian market was penetrated in 2001 and in 2003 American Eagle expanded to Hawaii. Aerie, a brand extension of American Eagle, focusing on intimates for women, was launched in 2006. Another line extension, 77kids, which offered clothing for babies to pre-teen girls and boys, was established online in 2008 and the first 77kids store was opened in 2010. Today, American Eagle Outfitters, Inc. operates over 1,000 stores, including 911 American Eagle Outfitters stores, 158 Aerie stores, and 21 77Kids stores, 21 of which are franchised around the globe. Additionally, ae.com, which includes links to Aerie and 77kids, reaches 77 countries. American Eagle Outfitters offers apparel, shoes, and accessories for both men and women. Clothing merchandise is comprised of denims, sweaters, graphic T’s, fleece and sweatshirts, outerwear, tops and shirts, dresses, and skirts. Shoe merchandise includes sneakers, boots, flats, sandals, slippers, clogs, heals, loafers and socks. Accessories merchandise consists of jewelry, hats, sunglasses, scarves, bags, perfume and cologne, purses, and wallets. Aerie offers merchandise for college girls that include dorm wear, such as sweats and pajamas, exercise apparel, bras, underwear, accessories, and some personal care items. 77kids offers apparel for infants, children, and preteen girls and boys (AEO Management Co., 2013). AF Abercrombie Fitch originated in 1891 as a retail sporting goods store based in New York City. It was known for its wide variety of expensive and often exotic sporting equipment and attire, ranging from tennis shoes to elephant guns. For more than half a century, the store’s apparel, guns, tackle, and other merchandise were the image of wealth and prestige. When it expanded, the firm confined its new branch stores to downtown areas of large cities and to resort areas. In the early 1970s, Abercrombie Fitch attempted to widen its customer base by adding less-expensive items to its usual stock and by moving into the suburbs, where other stores had been building for some time. Although these steps did attract new customers, they came too late; Abercrombie Fitch was in financial trouble and filed for bankruptcy in 1976 after 85 years in business (Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 2013). Oshman’s Sporting Goods, Inc. bought the firm in1978. In 1988 Abercrombie Fitch was bought by The Limited, Inc (Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 2013). Repositioned as the trademarked â€Å"casual luxury† brand, it became parent to the subsidiary brands Abercrombie kids, a children’s line launched in 1998 and marketed as Abercrombie; Hollister Co., a line for younger teens launched in 2000; RUEHL No. 925, a line targeting post-graduates l aunched in 2004; and Gilly Hicks, a women’s line launched in 2008. Following Abercrombie Fitch’s overhaul, the company received significant criticism for its advertising and its clothing, which were perceived by many as encouraging its target audience to adopt a sexually promiscuous lifestyle (Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 2013). MISSION STATEMENT AEO American Eagle has a clearly defined set of corporate values which guides the actions of employees at all levels of the AE organization: PEOPLE The vitality of our company resides in our people. We collaborate, we engage, we achieve (About.com, 2013). INTEGRITY We hold ourselves accountable to the highest standards. In the face of difficulties and challenges, we dont compromise (About.com, 2013). PASSION Our passion infuses our actions and purpose. It transforms stores into places of energy and customer delight (About.com, 2013). INNOVATION We operate in a dynamic and competitive industry. We continually refine the unique processes that drive our business, and we use insightful research and analysis to balance our instinct and to guide our decisions. Our associates embody entrepreneurial spirit, develop creative solutions, and initiate change (About.com, 2013). TEAMWORK We work together listening to one another, reaching consensus and supporting group decisions. We celebrate achievements. Because we respect and trust one another and commit ourselves to our company goals, our teamwork succeeds (About.com, 2013). Additionally American Eagle has a service goal that guides employees in their everyday retailing tasks: â€Å"We respond to the needs of our customer and enjoy the satisfaction of a job well done (About.com, 2013). AF â€Å"Abercrombie and Fitch focuses upon high-quality merchandise that compliments the casual classic American lifestyle (About.com, 2013).†   But beyond that simple mission statement, Abercrombie Fitch emphasizes its brand vision, brand attributes, and the value of the Abercrombie Fitch brand, which has been of ultimate importance since CEO Mike Jeffries took on the leadership role. Abercrombie Fitch has said this about its brand to its stakeholders: â€Å"The AF brand is more authentic and relevant than ever. The brand is our lifestyle, our focus—it ensures growth and promises stability. A great brand is a center of growth and revenue—it represents a relationship with customers. It’s not a faddish chip to be cashed in on shortsighted gains. The value of having a great brand is far-reaching and cannot be overstated—it’s a snowball effect. The AF label gives us the ability to evolve, creating endless growth opportunities. It helps us attract the brightest, most talented young people from around the country. It attracts millions to our website. It allows for greater profit margins. It lessens the risk of moving on new business concepts. It promotes innovation. It ensures long-term profitability. It adds built-in value to everything we produce. It accelerates growth. It stabilizes. It gives focus and direction. It produces an emotional response in consumers (About.com, 2013).† Comparing these two mission statements, it is clear that American Eagle Outfitters is focused more on just their merchandise, unlike Abercrombie Fitch. AEO has a passion not only for their brand and employees but their consumers as well. While AF, is only focused on their brand not on the  operational execution of its employees, or the experience of its customers. This holds true of AF because recently their CEO, Mike Jeffries, came under fire for reportedly saying they only target to â€Å"thin and beautiful people† which is why they do not sell or make any size over 10 or large for women. Mike Jeffries has said, â€Å"That’s why we hire good-looking people because good-looking people attract other good-looking people, and we want to market to cool, good-looking people. We don’t market to anyone other than that (Walker, 2013).† On AF’s website, they claim to embrace diversity throughout the entire organization but what Mike Jeffries has been quoted saying, is contradictory of what the company claims they are about. â€Å"We are committed to embracing the diversity of our associates and management throughout our organization. On the surface, our dedication to maintaining a diverse working and shopping environment can be easily seen by walking through one of our stores, domestically and internationally. More notably, Abercrombie Fitch’s commitment can be seen through our exceptional diversity programs, whether they are internal or external, and the results they yield. Diversity reflects the multidimensional insights we share collectively. Simply put, it is imperative to our growth that we staff our business with diverse talent and run our business with an inclusive mindset (Abercrombie Fitch, 2013).† SUPPLY CHAIN AEO American Eagle Outfitters strategy to improve apparel factory working conditions starts with factory inspections based on their Vendor Code of Conduct. They then focus on remediating the issues they find during those inspections, which often includes additional factory training and capacity building programs (AEO Management Co., 2013). They partner with other brands and retailers, multi-stakeholder organizations, civil society groups, trade unions, governments, and others to better understand and address what is happening in the factories and countries where their clothes are made. By working together, they strive to  collectively develop more sustainable solutions to the problems they find (AEO Management Co., 2013). Finally, they are committed to being obvious about how they are doing. By reporting publicly on their efforts, this is one of the many ways they ensure that they remain focused on their goals, disciplined in their efforts, and accountability for their performance (AEO Management Co., 2013). AF Abercrombie Fitch has very tight control over the design and manufacturing of their clothing. To help the company keep control, have higher margins and protect the brand, they design their own ranges which are manufactured exclusively for AF. The head office for AF is located in Ohio and is called â€Å"The Campus†. At this location, there is a center known as the â€Å"Innovative Design Center†. Here, a dedicated team uses over 100 wash, quality assurance, lab and graphic machines (Webb, 2009). They are responsible for merchandise design and development. â€Å"Design packages† were created by the company to reduce the time and cost of product development (Webb, 2009). These design packages are then given to the vendors. By keeping strict control over design, manufacturing and product development, the company is able to protect the brand from being copied and having the image damaged. By having greater control, it allows AF to deliver on their promise to the customer and consumer. This in turn creates a relationship based on trust and gives them a competitive advantage. Again, with Abercrombie Fitch, they are more focused on keeping control of their brand and image, while American Eagle Outfitters are trying to improve factory conditions for their workers. This once again proves that AF does not care about their people. CONCLUSION In summary, Abercrombie Fitch and American Eagle Outfitters play a significant role in the clothing industry. While AF’s practices are some  what contradictory and outlandish, AEO remains the opposite. AF needs to take a cue from AEO and focus more on their consumers than just their brand. There is no question why it is that AEO is ranked at 649 on the Fortune 1000 List and AF is trailing behind them at 651 (Salesforce, 2013). Works Cited Abercrombie Fitch. (2013). Diversity Commitment. Retrieved from AF Cares: http://www.anfcares.org/diversity/commitment.jsp About.com. (2013). Abercrombie Fitch Mission Statement. Retrieved from About.com: http://retailindustry.about.com/od/retailbestpractices/ig/Company-Mission-Statements/AbercrombieFitch-Mission-Statement.htm About.com. (2013). American Eagle Company Mission Statement. Retrieved from About.com: http://retailindustry.about.com/od/retailbestpractices/ig/Company-Mission-Statements/American-Eagle-Mission-Values.htm AEO Management Co. (2013). AEO History. Retrieved from American Eagle Outfitters: http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=81256p=irol-history AEO Management Co. (2013). AEO Supply Chain. Retrieved from American Eagle Outfitters: http://www.ae.com/web/corpResp/supply_chain/our_strategy.jsp Encyclopedia Britannica Online. (2013). Abercrombie Fitch. Retrieved from Encyclopedia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1121/Abercrombie-F itch Salesforce. (2013). Fortune 1000 Company List. Retrieved from Data.com Connect: https://connect.data.com/directory/company/fortune/1000 Walker, T. (2013, May 08). Not available in XL. Retrieved from The Indepedent: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/not-available-in-xl-abercrombiefitch-ceo-mike-jeffries-accused-of-only-wanting-thin-and-beautiful-people-8608022.html Webb, B. (2009). Managing the Fashion Brand Case Study Assignment.

Wallace Stegners Wilderness Letter Essay -- Nature Conservation Essay

In Wallace Stegner’s â€Å"Wilderness Letter,† he is arguing that the countries wilderness and forests need to be saved. For a person to become whole, Stegner argues that the mere idea of the wild and the forests are to thank. The wilderness needs to be saved for the sake of the idea. He insinuates that anyone in America can just think of Old faithful, Mt. Rainier, or any other spectacular landform, even if they have not visited there, and brought to a calm. These thoughts he argues are what makes us as people whole. The wilderness can be used to measure against the man made world, a â€Å"scientific yardstick.† Throughout the entire piece he is arguing that the importance is not what we can actually see or touch, but what we think of and how we think of the wild. This letter is being written to inform them of what would be missing without the wilderness. Those who think fondly of the Grand Canyon or the Everglades and have never been there are merely working from the idea, but those who have been there know what it has to offer and therefore receive the calming and sobering state of mind Stegner refers to. He believes that the wilderness has helped form us and that if we allow industrialization to push through the people of our nation will have lost part of themselves; they will have lost the part of themselves that was formed by the wilderness â€Å"idea.† Once the forests are destroyed they will have nothing to look back at or to remind them of where they came from or what was, and he argues everyone need to preserve all of what we have now. In Stegner’s perception, humans are the only wild species left. Humans are the only ones who have survived genetically unchanged. They are the ones who create the technological advan... ...rt of life as it once was and the acres of land to run on are few and far between, but losing that hasn’t made people bitter. Humans make themselves bitter when they fill their days and the days of their children with activity after activity and don’t stop and take time for each other. The entire letter was written on the premise that nature should be saved for the sake of the thought, not for what it could tactilely do for people. If you are going to have a clear-cut, concise idea about what nature is, enough of one for it to be a sobering idea, you would have to be out there in it at some point. You may have a thought but you don’t know and therefore it isn’t what is holding you together as a whole. The letter has some genuine concerns for the wildlife and forests and the wilderness itself, but it is just that, a letter voicing Wallace Stegner’s concerns.

The Importance of Being Earnest :: Comedy Irony Papers

The Importance of Being Earnest ALGERNON. You have always told me it was Ernest. I have introduced you to every one as Ernest. You answer to the name of Ernest. You look as if your name was Ernest. You are the most earnest-looking person I ever saw in my life. It is perfectly absurd your saying that your name isn't Ernest. It's on your cards. Here is one of them. [Taking it from case.] 'Mr. Ernest Worthing, B. 4, The Albany.' I'll keep this as a proof that your name is Ernest if ever you attempt to deny it to me, or to Gwendolen, or to any one else. [Puts the card in his pocket.] JACK. Well, my name is Ernest in town and Jack in the country, and the cigarette case was given to me in the country. ALGERNON. Yes, but that does not account for the fact that your small Aunt Cecily, who lives at Tunbridge Wells, calls you her dear uncle. Come, old boy, you had much better have the thing out at once. JACK. My dear Algy, you talk exactly as if you were a dentist. It is very vulgar to talk like a dentist when one isn't a dentist. It produces a false impression. ALGERNON. Well, that is exactly what dentists always do. Now, go on! Tell me the whole thing. I may mention that I have always suspected you of being a confirmed and secret Bunburyist; and I am quite sure of it now. JACK. Bunburyist? What on earth do you mean by a Bunburyist? ALGERNON. I'll reveal to you the meaning of that incomparable expression as soon as you are kind enough to inform me why you are Ernest in town and Jack in the country. JACK. Well, produce my cigarette case first. ALGERNON. Here it is. [Hands cigarette case.] Now produce your explanation, and pray make it improbable. [Sits on sofa.] JACK. My dear fellow, there is nothing improbable about my explanation at all. In fact it's perfectly ordinary. Old Mr. Thomas Cardew, who adopted me when I was a little boy, made me in his will guardian to his grand-daughter, Miss Cecily Cardew. Cecily, who addresses me as her uncle from motives of respect that you could not possibly appreciate, lives at my place in the country under the charge of her admirable governess, Miss Prism. ALGERNON. Where in that place in the country, by the way? JACK. That is nothing to you, dear boy.

Leadership in Criminal Justice Organizations Essay

The criminal justice organization is composed of law enforcement, courts, and corrections. Law enforcement, courts, and correction each have a significant role within law enforcement. It takes a great leader to manage and deal with all of the issues within the criminal justice organization. This paper will describe the challenges currently faced by leaders of criminal justice organizations. It will also provide steps that one can take as a criminal justice or security professional to affect change for the future. The leaders of criminal justice organizations are faced with many challenges on a daily basis. Some of these challenges include noble cause corruption, communication skills, conflict and power, legal and political challenges, and shortage of help. According to â€Å"Ethics in Policing† (n.d.), noble cause corruption in policing is defined as â€Å"corruption committed in the name of good ends, corruption that happens when police officers care too much about their wor k. It is corruption committed in order to get the bad guys off the streets†¦the corruption of police power, when officers do bad things because they believe that the outcomes will be good† (Noble Cause Corruption). Some examples of noble cause corruption include falsifying or planting evidence, committing perjury court, writing incorrect information on police reports, and abusing police authority. Ensuring that employees are trained properly can help prevent corruption. The court system, police and corrections have a special language or dialect that they use within that specific organization. Different jargon amongst these criminal justice organizations can create miscommunication between the manager and the employee. Duelin (n.d.), â€Å"leaders need to be effective communicators to handle these challenges† (para. What are the Challenges with Leading Groups in Criminal Justice Organizations?) Management needs to make sure that their employees know what their job is an d what is expected of them (Duelin, n.d.). Police officers are in charge for investigating and arresting persons charged with crime, while the court system decides whether or not a punishment should be imposed. If a person is convicted, the court system also decides what that punishment it. Punishment can come in the form of community service probation, jail, or prison. The court system and law enforcement do not always agree on the type of punishment that should be carried out. Duelin (n.d.), â€Å"For example, the police often seek to remove offenders from the streets, while the courts may feel it is best to rehabilitate the offender within the community. The police, courts, and prisons wield a substantial amount of power with these responsibilities. Leadership for these criminal justice agencies must balance this power with fairness† (para. What are the Challenges with Leading Groups in Criminal Justice Organizations?). Police are required to enforce laws and arrest anyone who breaks them. The court system role is to make sure that the individual’s rights are not violated in any way. Politics can have a major effect on criminal cases. An election year can lead to a number of changes in the criminal justice organization. Different judges, sheriffs, or district attorneys may be elected. All leaders and employees of law enforcement and judicial system need to stay informed of any laws that may have changed. One must be aware of political alliances at all times. Political alliances can jeopardize the outcome of a trial (Duelin, n.d.). Many organizations across the United States have been dealing with the issue of budget cuts. Budget cuts can be the result of financial cuts from the city or state or if a citizen is elected into a new position. As the population increases, so does crime. Budget cuts can eliminate necessary jobs that are needed to help keep society safe. Eliminating jobs causes an increase in the amount of work for the remaining employees left. Increasing the workload, in turn can create fatigue and stress. Employees are not able to do their job efficiently if they are overwhelmed with work. With new employees taking over their positions, comes new budgets to adhere to. One has to remain knowledgeable of all new rules, regulations, and budget cuts when someone new is elected into office. As times change, so should the way we manage the criminal justice system. The Criminal justice system must stay advance in order to prevent crime and protect society. There are many steps that  one can take as a criminal justice or security professional to affect change for the future. Over the past decade, technology has advanced greatly in the criminal justice system. Every organization should have the same technology. Different versions of computer programs make it difficult for states and federal organizations to communicate effectively. Sometimes information is not up to date or it may take a while for a different organization to retrieve the information. It would be beneficial to all if every organization had access to the same computer software. For example, criminal justice organizations can improve sex offender communication. Often times, sex offenders fall between the cracks of the system. They are not monitored correctly and fail to register on the sex offenders list. Sometimes, these offenders work for jobs that are a clear violation of their release. If every state and organization had the same software or technology available these offenders can be monitored closely. It is important that all employees and leaders undergo training every year. Ethics and moral standards should be the main focus of team workshops and classes. It is important that all employees maintain a certain level of respect for the law and society. Employees should also undergo psychological examines. Sometimes in the line of duty an officer may see something traumatic or have some type of trauma. This can have a detrimental effect on an officers’ mind. The officer may not feel comfortable asking for help; therefore, psychological examines can show what areas are of major concern for that particular individual. There should be a balance between private and public security. Public and private security partnerships are vital resources for law enforcement today. â€Å"Law enforcement agencies posses the legal authority and training to enforce the law. Carter (2007), â€Å"Private industry, with approximately triple the personnel resources of the law enforcement community, is more advanced in the use of technology to prevent and detect crime and is uniquely able to address certain crimes, such as workplace violence or computer crimes (para. Public-Private Partnerships: Vital Resources for Law Enforcement).† By combining public and private security, the security of the United States will be heightened. Protecting our borders is a main concern for the United States particularly when it pertains to drug trafficking. Drugs are a major problem in the United States. In 2010, 51 percent of federal inmates were  in prison for a drug offense (Klein, 2013). Drugs are often times the main reason people rob or kill others. Prisons should focus more on rehabilitation than punishment. By placing more emphasis on rehab programs, daily support groups, and work placement programs, offenders can overcome their addiction. The United States may not be able to eliminate drugs from entering the country; however, the amount of drugs entering the country can be significantly reduced. A few ways that can help prevent drug trafficking include increasing the amount of border control agents, creating a task force whose main priority is to locate underground tunnels that cartels use for trafficking drugs, and build a wall to divide Mexico and the United States. Many critics will argue that legalizing marijuana can also decrease drug trafficking into the U.S. While other critics argue that even if marijuana is legalized it only creates an opportunity for other drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and prescription drugs to enter the country. Even though California allowed the prescription of marijuana to some of its citizens, it had no effect on drug trafficking from Mexico because the majority of marijuana is entered through Texas and Arizona. Overall, there is not any scientific evidence that would conclude that it will either increase nor decrease the amount of drug trafficking. McKinney (2008), â€Å"in a criminal justice organization, leadership is essential to the success of the goals of the organization† (para. Modern Leadership Theories in Criminal Justice). To be a great leader one must acknowledge the issue and create ways to solve the problem at hand. Effective communication, training, and advance technology can help overcome some of the major challenges that leadership often deals with on a daily basis. References Ethics in Policing. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ethicsinpolicing.com/noble-cause- corruption.asp Klein, E.. (2013, August 13). Wonkbook: 11 Facts about America’s Prison Population. The Washington Post . Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/08/13/wonkbook-11-facts-about-americas-prison-population/ Duelin, D. (n.d.). Ehow. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/list_6883806_challenges-groups-criminal-justice-organizations_.html Carter, J.C. (2007). The Police Chief . Retrieved from http://www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display_arch&article_id=1257&issue_id=92007 McKinney, C. (2008). Yahoo Voices. Retrieved from http://voices.yahoo.com/modern- leadership-theories-criminal-justice-1338251.html

Vitruvian Man Lab Report Essay Example

Vitruvian Man Lab Report Essay Example Vitruvian Man Lab Report Paper Vitruvian Man Lab Report Paper Later on, around the year 1490, the artist and painter Leonardo Dad Vinci decided to keep examining about his Statement. His famous drawing consists on a man with straight arms and legs, inside a square that is inside a circle, the exactly same idea Of Vitreous. He showed that the ideal human body fitted precisely into both a circle and a square, and he thus illustrated the link that he believed existed between perfect geometric forms and the perfect UDF'(The British Library Board). According with Natalie Holdover the circle is shown as a divine symbol and the square as the earthly symbol. This idea relates to the ancient belief that the man was a tiny expression of the entire universe, which is now called microcosm. As a class, we were asked to test the validity of the Dad Vines Vitamin man. We recorded the information of everyone from the class, measuring the length of the outspread arms, the height, the distance from the elbow to the tip of the hand and the maximum width of the shoulders. Our goal was to discover it our emissions settled with the ideal humans proportion according to Dad Vines Vitamin man. Dad Vinci explained that for a human to have perfect proportions need to follow the next criteria: the length of the outspread arms needs to be equal to the height of the man, the distance from the elbow to the tip of the hand needs to be of the height of man, and the maximum width of the shoulders needs to be % of the height of the man. After going through this whole process got into a very concise conclusion, just two people in my class have the ideal human proportions. Hungary Ramirez and Maria Smiley are the only ones who fit into the three Of the Statements made by Dad Vinci and Vitreous. As is shown on table #1 and table #2, Handcar Ramies length Of the outspread arms is equal to her height; her distance from the elbow to the tip of her hand equals a % Of her height, same situation occurs on Maria Shimmies measurements. But on the third criteria you can see there is a difference between the maximum of their shoulders and their heights a difference of 1 CM. Even though their measurements have a difference of one CM. We can still say their proportions are idea, since we are account the uncertainties of 1. Several of my other classmates followed several criteria hut at the end they didnt fit exactly, for example as its shown on table #1 and table Amanda Kauffmann length of the outspread arms is equal to her height, and her distance from the elbow to the tip of her hand sis % of her height as well, but when it cones to the third criteria, the maximum width of the shoulders isnt a 1/4 of her height. The deterrence is about to 4 CM, which is an extremely small difference, since the maximum of her shoulders is about 39 CM and the of her height is about 43 CM. Evaluation: Due to the fact that the Dad Vines Vitamin man lab demonstrated failure on the past examinations, we can feel free to assume that many errors are shown in this experiment. The first error noticed is the fact that we measured everything With a small measuring tape instead of a big measuring tape, which didnt help since we were taller and bigger than the measuring tape, so we had to use two measuring tapes added together. Using a small measuring tape to find out these measurements ended being extremely inaccurate. After data collection we were not really sure if the numbers we got were real, and probably affected a lot on the way the exults came out. The lab activity validity started to be questionable now. By the time we were looking for the four measurements needed just one group of people from the class was using a measuring tape, the rest of the class were using two small ones (so they could have the same length). The way it worked was to put one in the top of the other and then add the numbers, which was hard for the person who was measuring since he didnt have enough hands to hold the small measuring tape in the bottom, in the middle (place in which both tapes were combined) and in the top. If one of the measuring tapes we were sing (top or bottom) moved a little bit, then the whole addition will change and the final result will end being inaccurate, A proposed solution to this error will be measure all of the quantities again with a big measuring tape, in this way, we could make sure that all of the measurements are more precise and that no movement of the person with the tape was going to affect on the validity of the research. Another error noticed is the fact that you can always make a mistake with the numbers and get confused, so maybe the numbers you got arent real. A great solution to this error will be measuring at least three times each of the four acquirement, Which at the end Will give us a more specific, secure, and valid answer. If we make another two measurements and we still get different numbers, we need to keep remaking this process until we start getting the same answer over and over again after repetitive results. Another big error was noticed on the width of the shoulders measurements specifically, since some people didnt know from which to which point it was, so in that way some people got a very inaccurate difference between this number and the 1/4 of the height off man. A good example that is shown is on table #1 ND table #2, were Sabina Classical and Alberta Gonzalez got a lot of difference between this two measurements. Sprains width of the shoulders is equal to 54 CM as is shown in the first table, and the % of the height of a mans equals to 39. In the other hand, Albertson measurements also had a huge difference between them. His width to the shoulders is equal to 65, and 1/4 to his height equals to 43, SO. After inspecting those numbers we can conclude that there is an error, since the rest of the students show on table #1 and table #2 do not have a difference higher than three CM between the numbers as both of this students had. This numbers are very inaccurate since the width of the shoulders and the % of the height are suppose to be exactly the same, and this is such a huge difference. A solution to this problem could be measuring the width of the shoulders and the of height of this students again, few still get such a huge difference between both numbers, then the solution could be measuring the four principles again for this two people, at least 3 or 4 times, until the numbers we get are much more accurate. One limitation observed was the fact that most of us, the students, are still in a transitory age, Which means we are still going through the process Of evildoing physically. Since we are not entirely developed we are not a secure source to prove if this statement is true or false. Our legs are not entirely developed yet either our arms or the rest of our body. Another limitation I found was the fact that we tested the validity on man and women, which variance wasnt explain on the theory. Men and women may not have the same proportions as just man. This affected the research because women composed most of the class, so there were only two men (Alberta and Luis). The last limitation founded was the fact that this research was made hundreds ND thousands years ago by Vitreous and Dad Vinci, but with evolution human sizes may have changes and the proportions may have also changed, this effect was also reflected in the lab results.

Times Have Changed Essays - Educational Psychology, Adolescence

Times Have Changed Essays - Educational Psychology, Adolescence Times Have Changed Times have changed dramatically in the past thirty years. The style of living, the sizes of families, and education have all changed dramatically. During the fifties, sixties, and most of the early seventies teenagers were thinking about going off to war or starting a family. Very few teenagers coming out of high school were thinking about college. Slowly as times started to change, more and more people were going off to college. Today at the end of the nineties, very few people do not go off to college. Instead of high school students thinking about starting families or going off to war, they have a bigger decision to make. What college to attend. This decision will affect one's entire life; how they live, where they work, what size family they are going to have, and sometimes whom they will marry. Today, choosing a college is almost one of the biggest decisions one would have to make. The answer to this question will affect them for life. Finding a good job in the workforce is getting more difficult as time goes on. Employers are looking for individuals who are smart and can add something to the company; the competition is fierce. They are no longer accepting teenagers right out of High School. They are looking for people in their mid- twenties with a four-year degree, sometimes even a graduate level degree. Many hypothesize that this is because companies are paying their employees more. Another hypothesis is that they are trying to move forward. These companies are trying to expand on what they already have. There is a race to become the biggest and the best. Therefore, they are looking to college students who are specialized and know about the field. They are willing to pay college graduates a lot of money because they have faith that they will earn it back. During the fifties, sixties, and early seventies companies were happy to be getting anyone. With the wars going on and the protests for peace, most fresh workers were occupied. These companies were willing to pay and train anyone that might have been interested. Their selection was not as great as it is now. The selection of workers today is enormous. Therefore, college students today have to work harder to appear better than the next person. They need to sell themselves on paper. It is hard to do this without a good college name on one's resume. One should keep in mind all that has changed in thirty years. Imagine what can change in four years. The difficulty of getting a job could increase. With that, the amount of people applying for the same job, with the same qualifications can also increase in difficulty. The power of a good education should not be underestimated; in many cases, it means a good future.

The Relationship Between Robinson Crusoe and Friday (Review) Essays

The Relationship Between Robinson Crusoe and Friday (Review) Essays The Relationship Between Robinson Crusoe and Friday (Review) Essay The Relationship Between Robinson Crusoe and Friday (Review) Essay Name: David Wang Student No: 0919112022 Class : B Date : Oct 28th,2011 Submitted to: Miss Li Lin The relationship between Robinson Crusoe and Friday The relationship between Robinson Crusoe and Friday has been examined eagerly yet diversely by a number of critics, especially in recent times. Some say their relationship certainly seems to be like brothers, who go through thick and thin together; Some other comment that Crusoe and Friday have a similar relationship to that of a father and son. Despite of all that’s been mentioned above, I have been given, as many others have been given, the impression that Crusoe is the Master and that Friday is merely the servant who is to serve his Master for as long as he lives. This mater-servant perspective of relationship is stated over and over in the novel, for example, I [Crusoe] made him know his Name should be Friday †¦ I likewise taught him to say Master, and then let him know, that was to be my Name Friday, who is merely a servant, is never told about Crusoe’s real name, which manifests a certain hierarchy system, i. e. Crusoe is the master and relatively he is â€Å"higher† than Friday, who willingly serves Crusoe. During that era, slaves were named by their colonial masters and this picture is painted out well in the novel when Crusoe names Friday â€Å"Friday†, without considering what his actual name might be. Friday, regardless to this, takes this relationship well, though it’s just, ironically, a master-servant one and he actually welcomes and embraces it in a heavenly thankful manner and displays this affection to the relationship so well that Crusoe takes it as a submission to servitude as it is narrated â€Å" he knelt down again, kissed the Ground, and laid his Head upon the Ground, and taking me by the Foot, set my Foot upon his Head; this it seems was in token of swearing to be my Slave forever; this half of the sentence brings forth a strong manifestation of Friday yielding to â€Å"eternal slavery†, but the â€Å"external loyalty† to Friday himself and Crusoe, for the sake of being rescued by his forever master, Crusoe. When Friday’s evident submission is displayed, the first few thoughts that come to Crusoe’s mind, as Crusoe’s first reaction, were not negative: I took him up, and made much of him, and encouragd him all I could †¦ h e spoke some Words to me, and though I could not understand them, yet I thought they were pleasant to hear However, how Crusoe reacted may be due to his merely wanting to have another human companion with him and to relieve him of the many years in solitude: for they were the first sound of a Mans Voice, that I had heard, my own excepted, for above Twenty Five Years. After Crusoe makes sure that all the other savages are dead, takes Friday under his wing: I carried him not to my Castle, but quite away to my Cave, on the farther Part of the Island He feared drastically of being attacked during the night he was sleeping quarters away from Friday: I made a little Tent for him in the vacant Place between my two Fortifications †¦ I barred it up in the Night, taking in my Ladders too, so that Friday could no way come at me in the inside of my innermost Wall, without making so much Noise in getting over, that it must needs waken me It is extremely easily noticeable that Crusoe does no t fully trust Friday, having a similarity to the situation with the applying of a gun. At first, Cursoe prevail on Friday to believe that the gun is â€Å"some wonderful Fund of Death and Destruction†; this brings Friday acting very cautiously around the gun: As for the Gun itself, he would not so much as touch it for several Days after; but would speak to it, and talk to it, †¦ which, as I afterwards learnt of him, was to desire it not to kill him. This shows how â€Å"fully† (slightly) the master trusts his loyal servant, which often results in any master-servant relationship. But, still, there is a difference in this relationship where Cruse often gives positive comments about Friday while the reverse is everywhere: a comely handsome Fellow, perfectly well made; with straight strong Limbs †¦ tall and well-shaped †¦ He had a very good Countenance, not a fierce and surly Aspect; but seemed to have something very manly in his Face. To its readers’ surprise, Crusoe keeps on talking about Friday, but in a way that attempts to convince the reader that Friday is not what he is thought of, not a typical black person at the time. A majority of the black population is owned permanently and treated adversely by their European masters. South African then were regarded as if they were dirt or a species lower than animals. Cursoe tries to bring people to believe that Friday is not from that black population and is therefore trying to give a lift to Friday’s level in the hierarchy of people. he had all the Sweetness and Softness of an European à ¢â‚¬ ¦ His Hair was long and black, not curld like Wool †¦ The Colour of his Skin was not quite black, but very tawny; and yet not of an ugly yellow nauseous tawny, as the Brazilians, and Virginians, and other Natives of America are; but of a bright kind of a dun olive Colour †¦ his Nose small, not flat like the Negroes †¦ Teeth well set, and white as Ivory. All the evidences that have been gone through above are what I have picked from pages 203 to 213; through all these pages, Crusoe and Friday build their relationship with each other, supporting my view that Crusoe and Friday have a relationship where the master concerns about the only servant he has while slightly dominating the servant at the same time.

E-Enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

E-Enterprise - Essay Example This is in the perspective of providing food, home furnishes, electronics, appliances, apparel, auto parts and also skilled labor (Franklin, 234). Apparently, such kinds of aspects were only initially available from a controlled or minute perspective. This is because retailers in the United States were in one way or the other limited to operating within the United States. Today, retailers have an unending exposure to a wide market, not only in their regions, but in every region around the world. All these aspects come hand in hand with the sole source of connectivity in the world, the internet (Darie). Through numerous online banks like PayPal, people can comfortably purchase products online at the comfort of their seats with deliveries coming to someone regardless of their position in the world. The internet has made starting a retail business a very simple and easy endeavor. All one has to do is have internet access and through social sites like face book, retailers advertise their products to the entire world. The ultimate effect is numerous sole proprietorships, which are making young innovative people earn a living with m inute effort compared to previous times (Books,102). Landing pages are very common with social media, search engines or email campaigns. The landing pages refer to a particular single web page that comes in, in the event of clicking on an online advertisement. In the same perspective, we should understand that the sole purpose if business is the making of profits. That is why advertisements will always be associated with sites that attract many people. These include social sites like tweeter, face book and YouTube. Search engines are always the first notion to anyone using the internet. They provide us with what we think or what we want to know. As a result, Google search engines will always have advertisements linked to its web pages. This is because all these sites possess the targeted audience (Peter,17). In the same

Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Poetry - Essay Example â€Å"The Mending Wall† basically tells the story of two men, the narrator and his neighbor, and their annual ritual of walking along the wall between their two properties and mending the stone fence. He starts the poem by indicating how unnatural a wall is in the words â€Å"Something there is that doesn’t love a wall† (1). Within this single sentence, Frost has already managed to establish a rambling rhythm to his poem. The reader is forced to slow down and pay attention to the grammatically correct but unusual phrasing of this statement. As the story continues, this rhythm is punctuated by sudden bursts of energy from the narrator, â€Å"’Stay where you are until our backs are turned!† (19), answered by the steady beat of the neighbor’s response, the repetition of an old adage, â€Å"Good fences make good neighbors† (27). Thus, if rhythm were light, we’d see steady pulses interrupted by sudden flashes of color rebuffed by an equally sudden, light-deadening gray wall. The rhythm of the poem is echoed by the symbolism of the poem. As the narrator tries to determine what it is that doesn’t love fences, he manages to convey the sense that it is something larger or deeper than the superficial elements he is naming: â€Å"The gaps I mean, / No one has seen them made or heard them made, / But at spring mending time we find them there† (9-11). This prompts the reader to begin thinking below the surface early in the poem and, as the narrator continues to discuss the mundane elements of rebuilding a fence that will only be falling down again ‘the moment their backs are turned’, the sense continues to build that the fence is not a physical fence at all, but a fence upon the mind. This is made much clearer by the end of the poem as the narrator, after several attempts at levity, watches his neighbor bringing more rocks

Asian Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Asian Philosophy - Essay Example The T’ien-t’ai school was founded on the Lotus Sutra as interpreted by Chih-k’ai who was a Chinese monk in the sixth century. The T’ien-t’ai school was doctrinal and is portrayed by its stress on reflection in addition to philosophical substance. It viewed the Lotus Sutra as holding the paths for deliverance through practice. It hence was a connection between the dominant Northern Chinese progress of Buddhism as a religion of conviction and discipline and the southern scholastic tradition (ibid). The Hua-yen school was based on the Indian Avitamsaka Scripture. The primary principle of the school is dharmadatu, the general causation of the dimension of the law. The dimension of the law is the dimension of the whole universe in all domains. The philosophical development of general causation was natively Chinese. It was an expansion of the Buddha’s account of dependant beginning so as to explain the emergence of the universe as synchronized (Lai, 2007). Ch’an emphasized on dhyana or deliberation. Deliberation was a general practice in all kind of Buddhism, Chinese and Indian. Numerous of the initial texts interpreted into Chinese were because of the enthusiasm of the Chinese intelligentsia and several Taoist’s appreciation of deliberation. Nevertheless, numerous of these texts were difficult and occasionally conflicting which resulted in to a definite exposure in Chinese practice (ibid). The Pure Land School was above all conviction based and devotional in custom. Its focus was on faith in Amitabha Buddha. The foremost form of custom was in dedication and calling the name of Amitabha so as to acquire his deliverance and hence rebirth in the pure land of the west. This school substantially abandoned the essentiality for self-improvement through the Buddha’s principles of the path to salvation (Peach, 2002). If I were to choose among the four schools of Buddhism, I will prefer Pure Land Buddhism because its

Personal Obsession in The Emperors Babe and Purple Hibiscus Essay

Personal Obsession in The Emperors Babe and Purple Hibiscus - Essay Example Even before they reach adulthood they go through enormous upheavals in their lives. Moreover, their stories fit into a colonial discourse with attendant features of cultural displacement, social alienation and economic exploitation. There is yet another interesting similarity between the two heroines, namely, their personal obsessions. But the objects of their obsessions are not the same. Likewise, secondary characters in the two stories have obsessions of their own. This essay endeavors to show how there are a range of psychological dispositions among various characters which account for their obsessions and how the authors’ own obsessions bear upon them. The Emperor’s Babe is a fresh and vivid verse narrative of a young woman in Ancient Rome. Born into poverty and slavery, she is married off (or rather sold off) when she was merely eleven to a wealthy patrician a few times her age. Despite constraints to her liberty and growth from all sides, Zuleika yet manages to as sert her individuality. It is perhaps due to these powerful extraneous forces acting on her life that she sought refuge in an inner sanctum. This clinging manifests as obsessions of various sorts. For one, her insecurities made her a little aggressive towards others. Aggression expressed regularly betrays an underlying obsession with insecurity. This aggression is also manifest in her sexual behavior, whereby, her attractiveness and youth serves as a source of empowerment over men. As the short and eventful life of the adolescent girl unfolds through Evaristo’s lyrical prose, more dimensions to her heroine’s obsessions are unraveled. Zuleika’s father Anlamani is obsessed with his own position in society. He sees an opportunity to climb up the social ladder by marrying his beautiful daughter to a person of prestige. The person he has in mind is Mr. Felix, a wealthy aristocrat of the Roman Empire. He is quite older to Zuleika (who was just 11 at the time of being betrothed). Anlamani resorts to a menially worded marriage offer to Mr. Felix. For example, he says, "Si, Mr. Felix. Zuleika very obediens girl, sir. / No problemata, she make very optima wife, sir." (Evaristo, p.27) This pitch from Anlamani makes it clear that his daughter’s well being is secondary compared to his own selfish motive. Likewise, Felix is a man with his own obsessions. In his case he is obsessed with power. Having a pretty young wife would add to his prestige. He can show her off in his social circles as a trophy wife. That he is obsessed with power and prestige is evident in his response to Anlamani’s offer of marriage: â€Å"I intend to make this my far-western base/ and I need to warm my home with a wife./ I am a man of multiple interests: a senator,/ military man, businessman, I undertake/ trading missions for the government,/ and I'm a landowner.† (Evaristo, p.29) Kambili is obsessed over her relationship with Father Amadi. She falls in love with him. Although the Father also loves her, he could not consummate his love due to his commitments to Church and community. Her love is expressed overtly and covertly on a few occasions. As Zambilii says wittily â€Å"People have crushes on priests all the time, you know. It’s exciting to have to deal with God as a rival.†Ã‚  (Adichie, p.89) However, Kambili’s obsessive love for Father Amadi pales in comparison to the religious obsession of her own father Eugene. Kambili’s father, Papa as she calls him, is very possessive of his son and daughter. He imposes his authority on them to even the smallest detail. In other words he is obsessive of his son and daughter to the extent of being a control freak. For example, â€Å"Papa sat down at the table and poured his tea from the china tea set with pink flowers on

Managing change at Cox's Container Company Case Study

Managing change at Cox's Container Company - Case Study Example The researcher states the general manager of the company (Erica Wilson) does not include her workmates in the survey. She found that the company lacks actual cost and operational controls. She recommends the company to employ financial and managerial specialists. In addition, when the new employees are employed to work on budgetary control, others do not support them. Abdul Aziz is one of the opposing workers of the organization. The above problems that are facing this group need to be analyzed. The analysis can be carried out in two ways. The first approach involves analyzing all the employees affecting the performance of the company. These employees include the senior managers, middle managers, and business expert such as accountant. Failure of an organization can be linked to the failure of the employees. In this company, the employees are unconcerned with each other. They do not cooperate, communicate, or consult each other. Harold Cox is the senior most executive in the Cox†™s Container Company. He is politically and financially involved with people’s affairs. His leading job is to develop strategic and long-term decisions of the company. This involves planning the long-term profitability of the company through increasing sales. In addition, he is responsible for delegating some powers to his juniors. For instance, he has assigned Erica Wilson to evaluate the actions of the company. Erica Wilson is the general manager of the company. She is responsible for making operational decisions of the company.

Personal Obsession in The Emperors Babe and Purple Hibiscus Essay

Personal Obsession in The Emperors Babe and Purple Hibiscus - Essay Example Even before they reach adulthood they go through enormous upheavals in their lives. Moreover, their stories fit into a colonial discourse with attendant features of cultural displacement, social alienation and economic exploitation. There is yet another interesting similarity between the two heroines, namely, their personal obsessions. But the objects of their obsessions are not the same. Likewise, secondary characters in the two stories have obsessions of their own. This essay endeavors to show how there are a range of psychological dispositions among various characters which account for their obsessions and how the authors’ own obsessions bear upon them. The Emperor’s Babe is a fresh and vivid verse narrative of a young woman in Ancient Rome. Born into poverty and slavery, she is married off (or rather sold off) when she was merely eleven to a wealthy patrician a few times her age. Despite constraints to her liberty and growth from all sides, Zuleika yet manages to as sert her individuality. It is perhaps due to these powerful extraneous forces acting on her life that she sought refuge in an inner sanctum. This clinging manifests as obsessions of various sorts. For one, her insecurities made her a little aggressive towards others. Aggression expressed regularly betrays an underlying obsession with insecurity. This aggression is also manifest in her sexual behavior, whereby, her attractiveness and youth serves as a source of empowerment over men. As the short and eventful life of the adolescent girl unfolds through Evaristo’s lyrical prose, more dimensions to her heroine’s obsessions are unraveled. Zuleika’s father Anlamani is obsessed with his own position in society. He sees an opportunity to climb up the social ladder by marrying his beautiful daughter to a person of prestige. The person he has in mind is Mr. Felix, a wealthy aristocrat of the Roman Empire. He is quite older to Zuleika (who was just 11 at the time of being betrothed). Anlamani resorts to a menially worded marriage offer to Mr. Felix. For example, he says, "Si, Mr. Felix. Zuleika very obediens girl, sir. / No problemata, she make very optima wife, sir." (Evaristo, p.27) This pitch from Anlamani makes it clear that his daughter’s well being is secondary compared to his own selfish motive. Likewise, Felix is a man with his own obsessions. In his case he is obsessed with power. Having a pretty young wife would add to his prestige. He can show her off in his social circles as a trophy wife. That he is obsessed with power and prestige is evident in his response to Anlamani’s offer of marriage: â€Å"I intend to make this my far-western base/ and I need to warm my home with a wife./ I am a man of multiple interests: a senator,/ military man, businessman, I undertake/ trading missions for the government,/ and I'm a landowner.† (Evaristo, p.29) Kambili is obsessed over her relationship with Father Amadi. She falls in love with him. Although the Father also loves her, he could not consummate his love due to his commitments to Church and community. Her love is expressed overtly and covertly on a few occasions. As Zambilii says wittily â€Å"People have crushes on priests all the time, you know. It’s exciting to have to deal with God as a rival.†Ã‚  (Adichie, p.89) However, Kambili’s obsessive love for Father Amadi pales in comparison to the religious obsession of her own father Eugene. Kambili’s father, Papa as she calls him, is very possessive of his son and daughter. He imposes his authority on them to even the smallest detail. In other words he is obsessive of his son and daughter to the extent of being a control freak. For example, â€Å"Papa sat down at the table and poured his tea from the china tea set with pink flowers on

Exam paper---read the requirement I send you carefully Essay - 1

Exam paper---read the requirement I send you carefully - Essay Example In this sense, everyone produces and consumers determine the market price of a product (Johansson, 2004). Similarly, the determined price defines and determines what is to be produced and the consumers who can afford the products. Prices provide incentive to consumers and producers, albeit in different ways. That is, whereas high prices encourage producers to create more goods and services, high prices result in reduced consumption by consumers (Johansson, 2004). On the other hand, low prices discourage production but encourage consumers to consume more of the concerned goods and services. These high and low price incentive result in a balance between demand and supply, the forces of consumption and production respectively, resulting in equilibrium (Johansson, 2004). This demand and supply mechanism results in the efficient market outcomes in which consumer satisfaction in society is maximised and minimum cost. This paper explores the concept of a perfect market with regards to how i t responds to changes in consumer demands. In addition, the paper compares a perfect market and a market with which one is familiar. The paper first explores the various types of market structures within which these factors interact. Market Structures Among the conditions or factors that create and define market structure are buyers, sellers, and entry and exit barriers for sellers and buyers, size of the firm, its market share and competition (Sayantan, 2010). The table below summarises the various types of market structures that a business entity may operate in. From the tabel, it is evident that competition increases from monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition and perfect competition. Structure Buyers Sellers Size of firm Product differentiation Market share Competition Perfect competition Many Many Relatively small Homogenous product Small Fierce Monopolistic competition Many Many Relatively small Substitutes with different branding Small Fierce Oligopoly Many Few Average Homogenous Average High Monopoly Many One Relatively large No substitutes Highest No competition Monopsorry One Many Relatively small Substitute good Average Imperfect competition In a monopoly, state-owned companies run the market and states bar the entry of other players whereas in oligopoly, consumers buy products of different sellers (Sayantan, 2010). On the other hand, in monopolistic competition, companies sell similar products but brand them differently. The different branding is indeed the catch for monopolistic competition. By knowing the market structure, business can measure its market share and the forces operating in the identified market not to mention the competitors and the type and range of products (Sayantan, 2010). This information is quite helpful for investment, having known the risks therein. A business can also develop its vision, values and mission after studying the target market. A perfect Market Responds to Consumer Demand Changes    In economic terms, for a market to be defined as perfect, it should have certain characteristics. These features are collectively referred to as perfect competition and they include absence of externalities, profit maximisation, equal access to production factors, absence of barriers to entry and exit, no participant with power or influence to set prices and perfect market information. The idea of a perfect market is based on the

Meaning to Human Life Essay Example for Free

Meaning to Human Life Essay Is there any meaning to human life? After listening to the first two lectures I gathered what I felt to be Professor Amrbosio’s definitions of the hero and the saint. I took notes and after going back through and reading them it helped me to put a few things together. He asks the question about whether or not human existence is meaningful or absurd. We live in a hostile and deadly environment so we try to find our purpose and meaning so we have some sense of security. It is a defense mechanism. Why is there so much evil in this world? We have the good and the bad. The good being our loving parents and the soldiers who put their lives at risk to defend our freedom and our lives. But then you have the bad and the evil such as the homeless people and the terrorist attacks and the holocaust. It is unfair how there are so many people with nothing and living on the streets when there are just as many people who have much more then they need to survive. The hero and the saint represent traits that can and will be inherited and passed on across different cultures and over time. The hero and the saint are metaphors that humans have used to search for the meaning of life. With the hero, reality is formed and driven by the struggle of humans. They believe in honor and self-esteem along with self-fulfillment and admiration. They always run up against bad things and they believe the good guys will come in last. The Saint believes that reality is made up of our personal and loving relationships. These relationships are based around unconditional trust. They feel like humans really have no goal but they have a purpose. Love and gratitude define them. Some people say life is a wrong turn and it’s down a dead end street. Saints and heroes show us ways we can share and participate in living every day and still asking our questions about life. The best we can do is to live the most meaningful life. Make every day count and always tell the ones you love how much you love them because you never know when it could be the last time that you are able to tell them. Sometimes you just have to trust that our life has a purpose.

Introduction To Social Media Plan Proposal Marketing Essay

Introduction To Social Media Plan Proposal Marketing Essay This plan includes the tactical objectives to be used to accomplish two primary goals of social media: 1. Increase unique traffic to Archello.com 2. Convert anonymous traffic to known visitors. 3. Improve search engine rankings Introduction The impact of media has changed. The Internet used almost all the traditional media such as radio, print, television and direct mail. Similarly, marketing its role has changed over the past few years. Social media enables everyone to generate their own content as a result marketers are no longer the only broadcasters. The rise of social media The Internet is growing critical to marketing, but its moving into social digital space (Weber, 2007  [1]  ). According to Weber, the social web will become the primary centre of activity in our lives. To put it differently people use the social web instead of the old media for all the services supplied. On top of that, social web brought a lot of new opportunities to exchange knowledge worldwide. According to the Internet World Statistic in June 2010 there were more than 1.96 billion people online  [2]  . Given this, it can be concluded that social web has great impact on the people. For instance people now interact and communicate as a society and use the web to extend existing relationships. Moreover, using the social web people can be seen as an influencer rather than a listener. Everybody can create and distribute their knowledge and content to an audience. In addition to that, social web offers unlimited possibilities to spread thoughts and opinions. An innovative technology called RSS (Really Simple Syndication) evolved the usage of social media. It increased the reach of blogs and given terrific push to social medias evolution (Mayfield, 2008  [3]  ). With RSS the audience can subscribe to content they are interested in, which means they do not have to search for it. What is social media, compared to traditional media, from the perspective of marketing? Traditional media and social media have the same purpose yet they differ from each other in terms of content distribution and reach. In contrast, from the perspective of marketing, the distinction with regards to content and communication with the audience is significant. The social media tools share five characteristics that drive participation, openness, conversation, community and connectedness. To put it differently, these tools speculate the differences between traditional and social media. When it concerns consumer recommendation, the traditional media hardly offers anything. Since the socialisation of the web, sharing opinions has never been so easy. The consumer influence channel has changed significantly since social media and its many tools. The table below shows the difference between both types of media. Consumer influence has become extremely important. Both Personal experience and personal recommendation is a strong tool to influence consumers. This is something that traditional media does not offer. Thus companies should start being active in social media for the increasing importance of social media. When it comes to sourcing information, low-involvement products and services are not the only categories that people research and review online. It is remarkable the number of people that research high-involvement products. Looking at the marketing angle, this reflects that consumer influence on the web is also impacting long-term marketing. Social Networks Companies make use of social networking to connect with their customers. Social networking sites are basically online communities where people can share personal information, opinions, share common interest and content information. These online communities offer entertaining services and help its members help to expand their networks. Blogs Weblog is an online journal where the most recent entries appear first. People can subscribe and even leave comments. Weblog covers a wide range of content. A successful blog updates and focuses its tone, topic, links and trackbacks, comments and subscription. These features make a blog interesting. Furthermore, there is a blog distinction between personal, political and business. In the context of this report, Archellos blog can be seen as a marketing opportunity. Micro-blogging Micro-blogging is a combination of social networking and instant messaging that people can create. It provides a quick way to communicate with a group of people the message can be posted on their profile. An example of micro blogging is Twitter. The content of micro blogging is limited. Target audience With help of Internet opinions and thoughts can be shared much easier than before. People have conversations outside their social network. The influence economy is compelling the people to become more open and social. Therefore having the right target audience will contribute to a more effective communication strategy. Archellos target audience is very broad. Its target audience are the architect, the contracting firm, the architect school, the building contractor, the service provider and junior designer. Each target audience needs to be approached differently. An architect firm makes use of micro-blogging like LinkedIn whereas a designer student will become a fan on facebook. Social Media Strategies: Blog 2 hours daily Goal: 1000 daily viewers by 1st of January 2011 Short-term objectives: Increase recognition 3 number of posts a day Add RSS button Link with different architecture websites such as www.news.architecture.sk Using SocialOomph Increase engagement Post tradeshows that Archello will participate in Run a photo contest on Archellos blog and flickr Make a poll for visitors for feedback and suggestions Post latest buzz and market trends on architecture Provide forum page on Archellos blog Key Metrics: Number of posts Audience growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  unique and returns Conversation rate Conversions Subscribers Social Networks 2 hours daily Goal: 10.000 likes by February 2011 Short-term objectives: Facebook fan page 3 number of posts a day Link the fan page with other informative web pages such as www.news.architecture.sk Participate in others groups like Archdaily Use facebook involver applications to enhance the fan page Use Facebook add badge to increase recognition Create a invite us button on Archello website for the exhibitions Archello members should start leaving a comment on fan page about a post Enhance the fan page Total budget: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬700 euro per month Archello.com Post relevant and inspiring case studies focusing on the design process and start discussion board where architects can discuss how they would handle a project. Start using WordPress and LiveJournal to write small piece on the architecture industry and link it back to Archello.com Run a contest of top 10 photographs. Pictures will be uploaded on Flickr, Facebook and Archello.com. The following text will appear on Flickr for the contest: We are going to publish the best 10 photos from this pool every month on Archello.com. The photos will highlight the best Flickr talents on the architecture website. Once we pick our 10 favorite photos we are going to let the photographers know via Flickrmail to let them know we are going to publish the photos. You can also join us on facebook: http://www.facebook.com/home.php?#!/pages/Archellocom/130796890286255 LinkedIn Keep the Profile up to date Start a discussion on new projects and trends related to Archello Follow companies who already are users of Archello Participate in QA, this will built credibility Join other groups to extend the number of followers Key Metrics: Referrals from social networks Friends on Social Networks Micro blogging (Twitter) 2 hours weekly Goal: 3000 followers by 1st of February 2011 Short-term objectives: Adjust the key words on twitter to attract more followers Update company profile Post trade shows that Archello will be visiting Post exhibition videos of Archello Follow daily follow 90 to 110 new people Total budget Twitter: $29,95 Key Metrics: Friends/Followers 2ndà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ order followers (followers follower count) Pages ranking on key terms from micro blogging sites Widgets 1 hour per month Short-term objectives: Creation of widgets at widgetbox.com Distribution of widgets like chat rooms, Vimeo badge and social share badge on Archello.com Key Metrics Usage of widgets (by count) Posts/Mentions about social widgets offsite Bookmarking 2 hour daily Short-term objectives: Update and Post stories on the following sites: Delicious Sphinn Reddit Digg Stumbleupon: bookmark each story or project and use wordpress blog to increase exposure. Squidoo Flickr Add This Key Metrics: Referrals from bookmarking sites Pages ranking on key terms from bookmarketing sites Online Video 2 hours weekly Short-term objectives: Update videos on social video sites and link to Archello.com Youtube Use a friend adder program: Tube Blaster Pro Key Metrics: Referrals from social video sites Views of videos on social sites Pages ranking on key terms from Youtube Photo sharing 2 hours weekly Short-term objectives: Photos of the exhibition and Archello stand Share the photos with links back to blog and Archello.com Flickr Facebook Photo Gallery Archellos blog Key Metrics: Referrals from photo sharing sites Views of photos on social sites Pages ranking on key terms from photo sharing sites Marketing suggestions to increase recognition and exposure: Create a invite us button on Archello website for the exhibitions etc Updating the blog with the latest projects and ideas relating to sustainability, content updates Organize a party for moving to Amsterdam or having the best augmented reality Top 5 architecture tips every week and link this to facebook, twitter etc Start using WordPress and LiveJournal to write small piece on the architecture industry Try to link the website with CNN.com and BBC.com since they have a major online publications Make use of Ad banners on facebook to increase brand awareness Participate on tradshows: at least once a month Post once a day links on different architecture pages. These pages include: Architecture (Visual Artist) number of likes: 62,079 Architecture (page) number of likes: 249,181 Architecture Lab (webpage) number of likes: 5,248 ARCHITECTURE AND INTERIOR DESIGN (page) number of likes: 127,885 ARCHITECTS ARE SEXY (page) number of likes: 59,164 Source: http://ezinearticles.com/?Sample-Social-Media-Marketing-Planid=3176676 http://www.danielhoang.com/2009/03/08/social-media-strategic-plan/ http://www.icrossing.co.uk/fileadmin/uploads/eBooks/What_is_Social_Media_iCrossing_ebook.pdf http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm http://www.marketingtothesocialweb.com/files/Marketing_to_the_Social_Web_-_Chapter_1.pdf How To Write Your Social Media Plan In 8 Steps

Europes Largest Minority Essay -- essays research papers

The Romani people of Europe are often referred to as "Gypsies". Thought they prefer to be called Roma. The Roma are descendants of the ancient warrior classes of Northern India, particularly the Punjab, and they are identifiable by their language, religion, and customs. The "Gypsies" gained there widely known name due to the fact that when they first arrived in Europe people believed that they had migrated from Egypt. Even after this was found to be untrue that name stuck to this minority group. Because recorded history of the "Gypsies" prior to their first documented appearances in Europe in the early 15th century is non-existent, there has been much debate as to their origins and early migration. Based on linguistic evidence, it is believed that the modern day "Gypsies" of the Middle East, Europe, Asia, as well as the Americas, originated in Northwestern India. There is also a general agreement regarding the approximate timing of their immigration. It is believed that the bulk of their immigration was during the 11th century, and took place in three major trips. Though this large group of people have been living in Europe for over ten centuries they are still not treated as equals to this day. The exact number of "gypsies" who live in Europe is unknown and guesses are inaccurate due to their nomadic life style. What is known is that population of "gypsies" is a large one that makes them the largest minority living in Europe. Though large in population they are also largely discriminated against. This discrimination dates back almost ,if not to the of there arrival in Europe. Throughout the centuries they have faced discrimination in many different forms, for a variety of reasons. Also there have been quite a few major outbreaks of intense discrimination that took place in different areas throughout Europe. During medieval times rumors where spread that the "Gypsies" were descended from a sexual encounter between a "Gypsies" woman and Satan. Christians believed that a conspiracy of blacksmiths, wizards and women had been organized to attack... ...ing and placement system for the "Gypsies". These placements and training will helps them to find jobs This is extremely helpful because finding a job can be a extreme challenge to them on there own, due to there lack of training and the widespread belief/stereotype that they are thieves and cheats. The "Gypsies" are a group of people with an extremely rich culture. There performances at festivals and such attract many tourists who find there life styles unique and interesting. The reason this minority group is discriminated against so terribly is not due to being a bad group of people, but a misunderstood group of people. Throughout European society and time there had been and still is a serve lack of understanding about the "Gypsies" which has lead to all the discrimination they have faced and are still facing today. When most people think of "Gypsies" they think of the stereotype "Gypsy", a nomad, a thief, and uneducated. Though finding schools for "Gypsies" can be hard there are "Gypsy" children that attend school. Only a minuet percentage of the "Gypsies" are nomatic.

Required classes for college students Essay -- essays research papers

"Open Your Eyes" Open your eyes, clean out your ears, sit down and listen, straighten your back, keep your head forward and be ready to have an open mind? Having an open mind is a good quality to have while experiencing different situations that you may encounter. People have many different opinions and ideas which they are expressing in today's society. College is another step along the journey of life that a select few will experience. College should be first priority on everybody's agenda in order to be successful in this struggling world. People need education outside of their own studies to broaden their horizons. People are sometimes stuck in their own "little world" and do not realize the important factors of life. Hopefully, college students will realize the importance of the classes which they are taking in college courses, and that the classes have meaning. Students may not understand the meaning of these required classes at the time which they are required, but someday t! hey may understand. College students may think basic required classes is just busy work, wasted time, and a waste of their money. There is another intention to why these classes are required. Imagine that you are the Vice President of a well known company while sitting there in a meeting with the President of the same company and all of your coworkers. Somebody says to you Mr. VP, what do you think about the Checks and Balances of our American Government? What is Mr. VP ...

Satiation

Satiation is a term that is often used in everyday life. However, it is also a behavioral principle with psychological foundations. The main goal of this paper is to develop a comprehensive understanding of satiation as a behavioral principle. This will be done through a thorough analysis of two previous investigations utilizing the concept of satiation. The investigations will include two types: one applied and one basic or experimental. The applied investigation that will be utilized and analyzed is a paper completed by Kahng, Iwata, Thompson, & Hanley (2000) on differentiating satiation versus extinction effects for noncontingent reinforcement schedules. The basic investigation that will be utilized is one conducted by Pierce, Epling, & Boer (1986) on satiation and deprivation as related to the interaction between food and wheel running. The mechanism by which satiation was able to act in the two investigations will be identified. The differences and similarities in the role satiation played in both investigations will also be analyzed. Introduction Satiation is a concept that can be applied to a number of different actions. The act of being satiated, for example, can be related to different behaviors such as eating, drinking, and pleasure-seeking. Although it is a single word, the term satiation has wide and varied applications. This is also due to the fact that it is a term encompassing numerous other basic underpinnings. In the everyday use of the word, satiation refers to the act of being satiated. It is similar in meaning to being full and satisfied. Satisfaction in terms of having enough to eat, for example, is satiation in action. In fact, satiation will be conceived by the layman to be an event beyond satisfaction. Satiation is being at the maximum capacity of whatever one is satiated with. There is no more room for more. To the layman, satiation is linked to feelings of contentment and pleasure. Technically, satiation is defined as the point wherein the organism under study stops eating or engaging in the behavior under examination. This halting of action indicates that the activity has been performed long enough for the organism to have achieved the goals set for initiating the activity. This explains why satiation would be linked to layman definitions such as fullness and satisfaction. The purpose of the present paper is to develop a scientific and more precise understanding of satiation. It is hoped that the mechanism of satiation with regards to deprivation in relation to food and wheel running and also to extinction effects under noncontingent reinforcement schedules will be understood. In general, the paper aims to develop a clearer understanding of satiation as a behavioral principle. A comparison of two ways by which satiation operates will be the means establish this understanding. Research Review A review of previous research is the main means of the present paper at achieving its goals. Two different investigations will be analyzed – one applied investigation and one basic investigation. Identifying Satiation versus Extinction Effects Kahng, Iwata, Thompson, & Hanley (2000) investigated the possibility of formulating a method for identifying satiation versus extinction effects under noncontingent reinforcement schedules. The main goal of the study was to understand whether the suppression of a response during noncontingent reinforcement schedules in experiments was caused by extinction or by satiation. Participants and Setting The study involved the participation of 3 individuals with developmental disabilities and who engaged in self injurious behavior and other forms of agression. The participants were two females, ages 43 and 31, and one male, age 25. Communication with the participants was done through gestures such as pointing. All three lived in a state residential facility with developmental disabilities. The study was performed in therapy rooms located at the said residential facility. Response Measurement The independent variables in the study were satiation and extinction which were measured through the experimenter’s assessment and treatment procedures. These included delivery of instructions, prompting, praise upon compliance, and turning away upon non-compliance. Dense reinforcement schedules of the independent variable would imply satiation as it would include more presentations of the reinforcer during a given time period. Thin reinforcement schedules, on the other hand, would indicate extinction. The dependent variable included the target behavior, which was either self injurious behavior (SIB) or aggression, in the participants. These behaviors included skin picking, hand or arm biting, hitting, scratching, pinching, and kicking. The data for SIB was noted on computers and were recorded in terms of number of responses per minute. The effects of the experiment were measured via a multiple baseline across subjects design. This involved the comparison of baseline rates of SIB and aggression with rates of SIB and aggression under noncontingent reinforcement schedules utilized in the experiment. Procedures The procedure of the experiment was divided into two phases. Phase 1 included the functional analysis and Phase 2 included the analysis of responses during and after noncontingent reinforcement. Phase 1 was conducted according to five different assessment conditions: play, tangible, attention, demand, and alone. Of these, tangible, attention, demand, and alone were experimental conditions while play was a control condition. In the tangible condition, the experimenter was present in the room and would deliver food to the participant if SIB or aggression was noted. In the attention condition, the participant had access to leisure materials in the room and the experimenter would ignore the participant except when SIB or aggression was noted to which the experimenter would respond with brief attention and light physical contact. In the demand setup, the experimenter would give instructions on a fixed-time 30-s schedule which would merit praise upon the participants compliance. If SIB or aggression was noted, the experimenter would cease all interaction and would turn away until the next trial. In the alone setup, the participant was simply left alone in a room with access to leisure materials. The play setup was a control setup that involved access to leisure materials. The experimenter was always present and gave noncontingent attention on a fixed-time 30-s schedule. There were no instructions given to the participant and SIB or aggression was ignored. For Phase 2, the same reinforcements present in Phase 1 were used. For the baseline experimental sessions lasted 10 minutes each with reinforcers delivered on a continuous schedule.. For noncontingent reinforcement sessions, fixed-time schedules were applied and SIB or aggression was ignored. Schedule thinning and terminal schedules for each participant was utilized. Extinction sessions or post-noncontingent reinforcement sessions lasted 20 minutes after every noncontingent reinforcement session; conditions were similar to that at baseline except that no reinforcers were delivered. Results The results of Phase 1 of the study showed that all three participants engagement in SIB and aggression were due to social-positive reinforcement. The male participant’s problem behavior occurred most frequently during the tangible setup while the two female participants’ problem behavior occurred most frequently during the attention setup. For Phase 2, it was seen that noncontingent reinforcement sessions automatic declines in the rate of problem behavior of the participants. The investigation showed that the mechanism, whether satiation or extinction, of noncontingent reinforcements may be different across individuals and that these may also change during the period of the treatment. This was evidenced by the different reactions of the three participants to thick and thin fixed-time schedules where the male exhibited satiation during thin noncontingent reinforcement schedules and one of the female participants exhibited extinction during the dense noncontingent reinforcement schedules. Contributions One of the main contributions of the study is in the finding that thin noncontingent reinforcement schedules could produce satiation. This was an unexpected finding and was inconsistent with previous investigations that showed thick noncontingent reinforcement schedules to be the ones that produce satiation effects. The understanding that reaction to noncontingent reinforcements may be idiosyncratic across individuals implies that the mechanisms behind reactions to noncontingent reinforecements can be arrived at through observations similar to that conducted for the study. This will have numerous applications in the medical field. If dense schedules of noncontingent reinforcement schedules can produce satiation effects, as stated by the results of the study, there might no longer be any need for extinction sessions to take place. Also, if extinction plays a greater role than satiation in behavior suppression during noncontingent reinforcement, individuals applying the treatment should be made aware that there is a possibility of an increase in responses to occur temporarily during the transition. The findings and methodology of the study can also be extended to include other behavior-reduction techniques and not just noncontingent reinforcement. Limitations The study had several limitations. Pinpointing the true mechanism behind behavior suppression was indirect because the schedules used contained an extinction component. The analysis of the findings were also dependent on expected response patterns caused by satiation versus extinction, which could be caused by other factors. Also, the intervals for the extinction sessions were chosen arbitrarily and were not based on empirical data. Longer and shorter intervals might have led to different results. Also, the differences in the results of all three participants caused a limitation in the conclusions that could be drawn regarding satiation, extinction, behavior suppression, and noncontingent reinforcement. Deprivation and Satiation Pierce, Epling, and Boer (1986) also conducted an investigation to better understand the effects of satiation and deprivation on behavior. The main goal of the study was to assess the reinforcement power of food for wheel running when rats were deprived and also for when rats were satiated. The entire study was thus divided into two experiments: Expirement 1 which involved deprivation and Experiment 2 which involved satiation. Participants and Setting The subjects for Experiment 1 were 5 female and 4 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Upon the initiation of the experiment, the rats were all 50 days old. For Experiment 2, 4 male Sprague-Dawley rats, all of which were 45 days old were used. The dietary needs of the rats, nutrition and water, were always kept available in the cages where the rats were placed when they weren’t in the experimentation set-up. The rats cages which were kept under continuous light and temperature conditions. The room in which the cages were located was always at approximately 20 degrees Celsius. Experiment 1 took place in a room with a running wheel (Wahmann Co. ) with a solenoid-operated brake. The equipment used by the experimenters for programming and recording the rats activities on the wheel were placed in a separate room. Expeiment 2 employed 2 running wheels (Wahmann Co. ), one that freely turned and one that was locked. Another modified activity wheel was used. This turned when a motorized metal shaft was rotated. The experiment took place in an operant-conditioning chamber with a pellet feeder, houselight and response lever. This was placed in an enclosure with a fan that provided masking noise. Control and recording apparatus were again placed in a separate room. Response Measurement The independent variables in the study were deprivation (Experiment 1) and satiation (Experiment 2). Deprivation was measured by the decrease in the rats’ body weight. Satiation, on the other hand, was measured by a decrease in frequency of the rat’s wheel running behavior. The dependent variable for Experiment 1 was the reinforcement effectiveness of wheel running for the rats. The dependent variable was measured by the highest ratio to be completed and the total number of lever presses. In Experiment 2, the dependent variable was the reinforcement effectiveness of food. The total number of presses the rats made on the food-reinforced lever measured the dependent variable. Procedures For Experiment 1, a progressive-ratio schedule was utilized to determine the potency of wheel turning as a reinforcer when the rats were either deprived or not deprived of food. A fixed number of lever presses released the solenoid-brake on the running wheel for 60-s. The fixed number of lever presses required for the release of the wheel was increased systematically until the rat stopped pressing the lever after a period of 1 hour had elapsed or until 8 hours had elapsed. For Experiment 2, three procedures were employed: progressive ratio, variable interval, and forced running. Prior to implementing the progressive ratio and the variable interval procedures, rats were placed for 19 hours in a running wheel with access to water. The experimental setup had wheels that turned while the control setup had wheels that were locked. They were also deprived of food for 20 hours. For the progressive ratio, the rats were then placed in an operant chamber where 45-mg food pellets would be released after a fixed number of level presses had been done. The required number of lever presses increased incrementally after each pellet release until 8 hours had elapsed or until the rat had stopped responding for a 1 hour duration. For the variable interval, continued lever pressing produced food pellets based ona variable interval 30-s schedule. After 60 food pellets had been dispensed, the session would be stopped. When an interreinforcement schedule went beyond 1 hour, the session was also terminated. For the forced running procedure, a motorized wheel was used to force running. The run was equivalent to 750 wheel turns and was based on the turns generated by the rats from the previous procedures. Throughout the day of forced running, the rat was deprived of food. This meant that this rat underwent 44 hours of food deprivation as opposed to the 20 hours of deprivation experienced by the other rats for Experiment 2. After the total number of turns for the forced run was completed, the rat was tested on a variable interval 30-s food reinforcement schedule through a procedure similar to the variable interval procedure. Results In Experiment 1, seven of the 9 rats were recorded to spend less time in the experimental setup when they were at 100% of their body weight as opposed to when they were at 75% of their body weight. Higher ratios of lever pressing were also sustained when the rats were food deprived. The rats responses increased as deprivation became more severe. However, at the most severe deprivation levels, responses decreased. This suggested an inverted-U function between deprivation and reinforcement effectiveness of wheel running. In Experiment 2, fewer lever presses were made during the progressive ratio schedule. The number of food-reinforced lever presses and the accomplished ratios were smaller when the rats had been allowed to run on the wheel as opposed to when they were not. Responding also occurred less frequently during the variable interval schedule. Rats that been placed in the locked wheels showed equivalent responses to those that had simply been placed in the home cage. This showed that food reinforcement was not affected by mere placement in a wheel. Those that had been placed in the open wheel, however, showed a significant decrease in lever pressing upon introduction of the variable interval 30-s schedule of reinforcement. The rat placed in the forced running procedure was shown to have almost twice the number of lever presses as the other rats. This may have been due to the fact that it was subject to 44 hours of food deprivation while the other rats were only placed under 20 hours of food deprivation. Lever pressing for the forced running procedure was reduced from 39. 6 responses per minute to 3. 6 responses per minute. This is a significant decrease in local response rate. Contributions The contributions of the investigation is in its finding that food deprivation increases reinforcement effectiveness of wheel running and that satiation decreases the reinforcement effectiveness of food. A major contribution of the findings is in the fact that forced running more effectively decreases the effectiveness of food reinforcement. The study was the first to attain scientific measurements and numerical values to back up these claims regarding the operation of deprivation and satiation. Further research regarding the effects of deprivation and satiation on reinforcing properties of certain activities and substances will be encouraged by the success of the findings of the Pierce et al. (1986) study. The limitations of the study include the possibility of warm up effects in the rats. The differences between closed and open wheel setups were also exaggerated with the progress of the sessions because of the long intervals that began to crop up in between responses. Comparison between sessions and procedures was then made more difficult. Also the rats used for the experiment were sedentary and this might have caused their responses to be exaggerated. In a population that had free access to wheel running, the same treatment might not have the same effects. It is clear that satiation played an important role in both the basic investigation as well as the applied investigation. In both investigations, satiation was studied in contrast to another behavioral principle; extinction for the applied investigation and deprivation for the basic investigation. One distinct difference between the two investigations is in the fact that in the applied research, satiation was expected to lead to an increase in the desired behavior or response. In the basic research, however, satiation was expected to lead to a decrease in the desired response. This difference shows the dynamic nature of satiation in the behavioral processes of an organism. In the basic research, satiation was able to show that two behavioral principles can have effects on one event while successfully altering reinforcement effectiveness of another event. In the case of the experiment deprivation-satiation operations with respect to wheel running altered the reinforcing properties of food. Deprivation-satiation operations also altered the reinforcement effectiveness of wheel running with regard to food. That is that satiation is able to work with another behavioral principle reciprocally. In the applied research, the mechanism of satiation was similar to that of extinction. It was a question of which principle could more effectively bring about the desired response and behavior. It is clear, then, that satiation or the organism’s tendency to feel full or to have enough of a given activity or substance has multi-faceted qualities. Achievement of satiation can result in a decrease in certain behavior and an increase in others. Also, it may interact with other behavioral principles reciprocally or take the same mechanism of others.